Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system related to pathological changes in the background of hormones and deficiency of metabolic processes.
To date, the disease cannot be eradicated (complete dissolution).It is possible to slow down the destructive processes in the body through medications and diet therapy, but it is impossible to stop it and start in the opposite direction.
The main symptom of the disease is the chronic increase in blood glucose.The causes and properties of the disease are different, so it is divided into several types.
The type of diabetes (SD) is determined by the World Health Organization and has no basic differences throughout the medical world.Diabetes from any type does not apply to infectious diseases.
Compliance with pathology
There are several types of diseases combined by a major sign - an increase in glucose concentration in the blood.Diabetes types are caused by the cause of the incident.The method of therapy, gender and age of the patient also occurs.
Types of diabetes received in the field of medicine:
- The first type is insulin -depending on (ISD 1), or adolescence;
- The second is insulin -depending (inzsd 2), or insulin -Resistant;
- Diabetes Gestational Mellitus (HSD) during the perinatal period in women;
- Other types of diabetes, including:
- damage to the pancreatic β cells at the genetic level (various mody-diabetes);
- pathology of the advanced function of the pancreas;
- descent pathology and acquire external secretion glands and their functions (endocrinopathy);
- pharmacologically due to diabetes;
- diabetes due to congenital infection;
- SDs related to genome pathology and hereditary defects;
- Violation of glycemia (blood sugar) on an empty stomach and a violation of glucose tolerance.
Pre -Dibet is the condition of the body's boundaries, when the level of glycemia changes towards improvement (disrupted glucose tolerance), however, blood sugar indicators "do not reach" commonly received digital values that match the true diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO 2014), more than 90% of endocrinological patients experience a second type of disease.
According to medical statistics, the tendency to increase the number of sick people is clearly detected worldwide.Over the past 20 years, the number of type 2 diabetes patients has doubled.GSD contributes about 5% of pregnancy.Special diabetes types are very rare and occupy a small percentage in medical statistics.
In terms of combination of Gender Inzsd 2, it is more common in women during the prelimacterial period and during menopause.This is due to changes in hormone status and an additional set of pounds.In men, the most common developmental factor of type 2 diabetes is the chronic inflammation of the pancreas, due to the toxic effects of ethanol.
Insulin -dependent diabetes (1 type) diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by pancreatic cell disability.Organs do not function endocrine (intra -regional) for insulin production - the hormones responsible for supplying the body with glucose.As a result of the accumulation of glucose in the blood, the organs do not receive full nutrition, including the pancreas itself.
To simulate the natural production of endocrine hormones, patients are prescribed by medical insulin injections of different (short and long), as well as diet therapy.The first type of diabetes classification is determined by various etiology of the disease.Insulin -dependent types of insulin diseases have two reasons: genetic and autoimmune.
Genetic grounds
Pathological formation is associated with the biological characteristics of the human body to convey the characteristics and deviations of pathology to the next generation.With regard to diabetes, the children inherited the tendency of illness from parents or close relatives suffering from diabetes.
IMPORTANT!Predisposition is inherited, but not the disease itself.The 100% guarantee of diabetes has no children.
Autoimmune grounds
The occurrence of the disease is caused by the failure of the immune system, when, under the influence of negative factors, it actively produces autoimmune antibodies that destroy the body's cells.Triggers (encouragement) are used to launch the autoimmune process:
- Unhealthy food behavior is combined with hypodynamia;
- metabolic failure (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins);
- critical deficiency in the body of cholegalciferol and ergocalciferol (group V vitamin);
- chronic pancreatic pathology;
- Presence in anamnesis of outbreaks (pigs), measles, herpes herpes virus, Epstein-Barra virus, sitomegalovirus, hepatitis virus A, B, C;
- hardship (prolonged in a state of neuropsychological stress);
- Chronic alcoholism;
- Improper treatment with medical medical medications containing hormones.
ISSD is formed in children, adolescents and adults who have not reached the age of thirty.Children's Version Development Diabetes Form 1A is associated with complicated viral infections.Form 1B occurs in young and children in the background of autoimmune processes and hereditary tendencies.The disease, as a rule, develops in forced mode for several weeks or months.
Insulin Diabetes -presistant (type 2)
The difference between the second type of diabetes mellitus and the first is that the pancreas does not stop the synthesis of insulin.Glucose is concentrated in the blood and is not transmitted to cells and tissues due to lack of sensitivity to insulin - insulin resistance.Up to a certain point, treatment is performed through medication and dietary diet therapy (sugar).
To balance imbalance in the body, the pancreas activates hormone production.Working in emergency mode, organ wearing over time and loss of intra -fregional function.Type 2 diabetes exceeds the form of insulin -depends.The decline or loss of cell vulnerability to endogenous hormones is mainly associated with obesity where fat and carbohydrate metabolism is interrupted.
This is especially true for deep obesity (fat deposition around the internal organs).In addition, with excess weight, blood flow is difficult due to many cholesterol plaques in the vessel, which is formed with hypercholysterinemia, which always accompanies obesity.Cell -body cells, therefore, experience a lack of nutritional and energy sources.Other factors affecting the development of INZSD include:
- alcohol abuse;
- gastronomic addiction to sweet dishes;
- chronic pancreatic disease;
- pathology of the heart and vascular system;
- rude in food against an inactive lifestyle background;
- improper hormone therapy;
- complicated pregnancy;
- non -functional descendants (diabetes in parents);
- Trouble.
Often, the disease develops in women and men from the age of 40+.In this case, the second type of diabetes is a latent properties and may not show obvious symptoms for several years.Timely tests for blood glucose can detect pre -nantibet.With adequate therapy, antiabetic conditions can be reversed.If the time is gone, it takes place and is diagnosed inzsd.
Pepper diabetes
In medicine, the term "diabetes 1.5" is found, or the name of pepper diabetes.This is an autoimmune violation of hormone production and damage to the metabolic process that occurs in adults (at age 25+).The disease combines the first and second types of diabetes.The development mechanism corresponds to ISD, the latent course and the manifestation of symptoms are similar to the INZSD.
The trigger for pathological development is an autoimmune disease in the history of the patient:
- endless inflammation of the intervertebral joints (ankylosing spondylitis);
- irreversible diseases of the central nervous system - multiple sclerosis;
- pathology of granulomatous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease);
- Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland (Hashimoto thyroiditis);
- Juvenile and rheumatoid arthritis;
- color change (pigment loss) skin (vitiligo);
- Pathology of colon mucosa (ulcerative colitis);
- Chronic damage to connective tissue and external secretion glands (shegren syndrome).
In combination with hereditary tendencies, autoimmune disorders lead to the development of pepper-diabetes.To identify the disease, basic diagnostic methods are used, as well as blood microscopy, which determines the concentration of IgG class immunoglobulin to antigens -ifs (immuno -functional analysis).Therapy is carried out through regular insulin injection and nutrition correction.
A form of pregnancy of a disease
GSD is a certain type of diabetes that develops in women in the second half of the perinatal period.The disease is most commonly detected during the second planned examination, when the pregnant mother underwent a full examination.The main feature of GSD is in line with type 2 diabetes - this is insulin resistance.The body of a pregnant woman's body loses the touch (sensitivity) to insulin for the correlation of three main reasons:
- Hormone restructuring.During pregnancy, progesterone synthesis (steroid sex hormone) that prevents increased insulin production.In addition, the placenta endocrine hormone gains strength, which has property that prevents insulin production.
- Double load on female body.To ensure the full nutrition of unborn children, the body needs an increase in the amount of glucose.A woman begins to use more monosaccharides, forcing the pancreas to synthesize more insulin.
- Weight loss to decreased physical activity.Glucose, by entering the body, accumulates in the blood, as cells refuse to see insulin as a result of obesity and hypodynamia.Mothers and fruits are expected in such circumstances lack of nutrients and energy starvation.
Unlike the first and second type, gestational diabetes is a reversible process, as insulin molecules and pancreatic function capabilities are preserved.
Properly selected therapeutic tactics guarantee pathological removal after delivery in 85% of cases.The main method of GDC treatment is the diet for diabetics "Table No. 9".In difficult cases, medical insulin injections are used.Sahabro's winning drugs are not used due to their teratogenic effects on the fetus.
In addition
Certain types of diabetes are genetically determined (Main-diabetes, some types of endocrinopathy) or provoked by other chronic pathologies:
- Pancreatic disease: pancreatitis, hemochromatosis, tumor, cyst fibrosis, mechanical injury and gland surgery;
- functional failure of the front lobe of the pituitary gland (acromegaly);
- increased thyroid hormone synthesis (thyrotoxicosis);
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adultery (ICECO-Cushing Syndrome);
- Adrenal cortex tumors (aldosteror, pheochromocytoma, and others).
Separate diabetes pathology - non -shagal diabetes is characterized by a decrease in the production of hypothalamus hormone vasopressin, which regulates fluid balance in the body.
Steps -The diagnostic step
Diagnosis of diabetes diagnosis (any type) is only possible based on the results of the blood laboratory microscopy.The diagnosis consists of several studies conducted consistently:
- General clinical blood tests to identify the hidden inflammation process in the body.
- Blood tests (capillaries or veins) for glucose content.It is tightly produced on an empty stomach.
- GTT (Glucosotolerant Test).It is carried out to determine the body's ability to absorb glucose.The tolerance test is a two -time blood fence: on an empty stomach and two hours after "glukostostrole load", the role is a aqueous solution of glucose provided in a 200 ml of water ratio by 75 grams.Material.
- HBA1C analysis to the level of hemoglobin glycosylated (glycated).Based on the results of the study, the blood sugar retrospective over the past three months was evaluated.
- Biochemistry of blood.Aspartateaminotransferase (AST) hepatic enzyme indicators, alanineine-grase (ALT), alpha-amylase, alkali phosphatase (SCF), bilirubin (pigment gall), cholesterol levels are evaluated.
- Blood tests for the concentration of antibodies to glutamatdecarboxylase (antibody gad) determine the type of diabetes.
Blood sugar reference value and disease indicator
| Analysis | For sugar | Gluczotolerant test | Hemoglobin globinity |
|---|---|---|---|
| norm | 3.3 - 5.5 | <7.8 | ⩽ 6% |
| Prediabetes | 5.6 - 6.9 | 7.8 - 11.0 | from 6 to 6.4% |
| diabetes | >7.1 | >11.1 | More than 6.5% |
In addition to blood microscopy, general urine analysis for the presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is investigated.In healthy people, there is no sugar in the urine (for diabetics, 0.061 - 0.083 mmol/l is considered the allowable norm).Referee samples were also conducted to identify albumin protein in urine and creatinine protein exchange.In addition, hardware diagnostics are prescribed, including ECG (electrocardiogram) and abdominal cavity ultrasound (with kidneys).
Result
Modern medicine classifies diabetes according to four basic types, depending on pathogenesis (original and developmental) disease: insulin -depending (ISSD 1 type), insulin -depending (inzsd 2), gestational (GSD pregnant women) Hasteful diabetes formed during the perinatal period is healing.Pre -Diabetes conditions (violations of glucose tolerance) are considered subject to early diagnosis.